This are the toolboxes I found using Google that do something similar to Theano :

Torch ( C/C++)
http://torch5.sourceforge.net/index.html

PyBrain ( I think this is done by Schmidhuber's group, Python + SciPy / C++) :
http://pybrain.org/docs/advanced/fast-pybrain.html
(plus some entries that are in James' list as well so I didn't add them here).

The two above are CPU only and use C++ to speed things up. I am in the process of installing them locally on simplet and see how hard it is to create an mlp/ logistic regression / convolutional net / DBN ...